Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

In order to investigate the possibility of quinoa producing in Garmsar, Iran, a factorial experiment conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications in 2018-2019 growing season at Garmsar Agricultural Research Station. The factors were planting date at three levels (March 6th, April 1st and April 6th) and the three genotypes of quinoa (Q26, Q29 and Titicaca). Results showed that the effect of planting date was significant for all studied traits except the harvest index. Also, all studied traits were significantly different in all genotypes. Titicaca planted on March 6th had the highest yield (2276 kg.ha-1).The grain yield and yield components decreased with the delaying the planting date. Compared to early plantings, Latest date, April 6th, led to reduction of all traits, especially grain yield (about 50%). The results of simple phenotypic correlation between the studied traits showed that grain yield per hectare had the highest correlation with plant yield (0.877) and then with leaf area index (0.832), panicle weight (0.815) and number of branches per plant (0.745) that was significant at the 1% probability level.

The lack of Quranic approaches in the production of Quran-based humanities is still felt, despite the predominance of the philosophical approach in critical approaches to modern humanities, which has become very common in the Islamic world and in Iran for several decades. It seems that the capacity of the method of thematic exegesis (al-Tafsīr al-mawdū'ī, Arabic: التفسیر الموضوعیّ) in this regard, can be used to bring the Holy Quran into the field of humanities. Thematic exegesis, according to whether its subject is inside or outside the Qur'an, has several functions in criticizing the structure of modern knowledge and scientific research, as well as the production of Islamic humanities. It is possible to make use of thematic exegesis of the inside of the Holy Book of Quran in order to “fundamental criticism” of the general fundamentals of humanities -the fundamentals of epistemology, axiology, ontology and anthropology- and it is also possible to use thematic exegesis for constructing and producing foundation of humanities obtained from the Holy Quran. It is used by thematic interpretation exegesis of the outside of the Holy Book of Quran -such as Shahīd (martyr) Sadr’s interrogational approach- to answer the problems of humanities and this process faces challenges such as the complexity and multiplicity of the “subject” of the humanities that exist in modern terminology of this field. It can be used in order to solve this issue in some cases to know the process of the change of the components of the modern of the conceptual history’s approach and also by analyzing the issue into several components can be shown that the components are not necessarily a product of the modern era and can be followed up in the Holy Quran and can be found up in the Holy Quran. The perspective of the Holy Quran, after that, regarding the modern subject in the desired field by the “combining” of the results obtained based on the thematic interpretation.

Lactation length is different in individual cows, which is generally converted to a 305-day standard using curve fitting models for genetic and management practices. Individual curves do not have a standard shape in all cases, and can deviate from the standard pattern according to factors such as individual differences, and type of fitted models. These non-standard curves, called atypical, resulted from incorrect estimated parameters of the curves; which consist of: continuously increasing or decreasing and reversed standards. This study was conducted to investigate the importance of atypical curves in estimation of 305-day milk production, by fitting two nonlinear models? Wood (empirical) and Pollott (biological), on 7659 and 6692 test-day milk yield of 977 and 776 first calving Iranian Simmental and Jersey cows, during 2007-2020, using R software. Different patterns obtained based on the combination of increasing (b) and decreasing (c) phase parameters of curves. The number of standard curves from the Pollott and Wood models were 85.5% and 62.2% for Simmental, and 83.1% and 70.6% for Jersey cows, respectively. Only continuously increasing curves were observed in both breeds in Pollott model (14.8% and 16.9%, Simmental and Jersey cows, respectively); Whereas in Wood model, all 3 groups of atypical curves were observed, which the reversed standard was the most (22.3% and 16.5%, Simmental and Jersey cows, respectively). Based on the findings, at the time of standardizing the production of dairy cows (national evaluations), not only differences between breeds, but also special attention to the production of atypical curves, should be paid (to correct or discard them).

در دهه های اخیر تغییرات شدید کاربری اراضی در استان گلستان باعث کاهش میزان چشم گیری از جنگل های هیرکانی شده است. در بررسی این تغییرات از نقشه های پوشش سرزمین حاصل از طبقه بندی تصاویر ماهواره ای لندست (سنجنده TM) مربوط به سال های 1984، 2012 و 2016 به عنوان ورودی مدل ساز تغییر سرزمین (LCM)، برای تحلیل و نیز پیش بینی تغییرات پوشش سرزمین در سال 2030 استفاده شد. به منظور برآورد صحت مدل سازی از آماره های عملکرد نسبی (ROC)، نسبت موفقیت به هشدار خطا و عدد شایستگی استفاده شد. در ادامه به بررسی نقش تغییر کاربری اراضی در تولید رواناب حوزه آبخیز به عنوان یکی از خدمات اکوسیستمی پرداخته شد. نتایج بیانگر صحت بالای شبکه عصبی مصنوعی با میزان ROC برابر 949/0، نسبت موفقیت به هشدار خطا 57 درصد و عدد شایستگی 11 درصد بود. نتایج مدل-سازی تغییرات کاربری اراضی نشان داد از سال1984 تا 2012 بیشترین تغییرات مربوط به کاهش پوشش جنگلی بوده است. مدل سازی این روند با استفاده از شبکه عصبی مصنوعی نشان داد از سال 2016 تا 2030 در حدود 30361 هکتار از سطح پوشش جنگلی کاسته خواهد شد. نتایج بررسی تولید رواناب نشان داد، میزان رواناب در کل حوزه، مخصوصاً در قسمت شرق و شمال شرق حوزه که بیشترین تغییرات کاربری هم در این مناطق رخ داده-افزایش یافته است. این افزایش در میزان رواناب بر اثر تغییر کاربری اکوسیستم جنگلی به کاربری کشاورزی در این مناطق صورت گرفته است. نتایج این مطالعه، درک ما را از پیامدهای هیدرولوژیکی تغییرات کاربری زمین بهبود می بخشد و دانش مورد نیاز را برای توسعه و مدیریت مناسب زمین به منظور پایداری و بهره وری در حوزه آبریز گرگان رود فراهم می کند.

Medicinal plants contain active ingredients in one or some of their organs. Squalene is one of the active ingredients that prevent heart attacks and cardiovascular diseases and protect the body from some cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of squalene in a number of medicinal plants. In this experiment, the plant oils were extracted and measured using Bligh & Dyer with minor changes. TLC (thin layer chromatography) was used to identify squalene. Comparison of TLC of standard squalene with TLC of the investigated medicinal plant samples showed that Caryophillium aromaticus, Descurainia sophia, Portulaca Oleracea, Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa contained squalene. Although the percentage of Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa seed oil was higher than other medicinal plants, the squalane spot of clove plant had a higher intensity of color and this indicates a higher concentration of squalene in this plant.

This study was conducted during summer and winter of 2018- 2019 in the agricultural research field of Shahid Chamran University. Experimental design was split- plot based on RCBD with three replications. The main plot was the type of agricultural system in three levels including conventional (Conv), organic (Org) and sustainable (Sust) (integrated between Conv and Org) and sup- plot was the type of pre- cultivated crop in sequence with wheat including cultivation of mung bean (M- W), corn (C- W), sesame (S- W) and fallow (F- W). Yield quantity (yield and its component) and quality (grain protein), an estimate of photosynthesis matter transfer index of wheat and soil organic carbon (SOC) after one double-cropping were measured. The result showed that the highest (545.04 g/m2) and the lowest (409.28 g/m2) seed yields were obtained in Conv and Org respectively. In contract, with the changing type of system from Conv to Org, grain protein was increased significantly (from 8.3 to 9.6 %). In addition, the highest (535.47 g/m2) yield of wheat was obtained from M- W double cropping. On the other hands the highest remobilization and current photosynthesis matter were obtained in the organic agricultural system with M- W and conventional with M- W double cropping. The situation of SOC showed that the highest (33.18 mg/g) SOC was obtained in the organic agricultural system with C- W double cropping. The reason for improving SOC in the organic and sustainable agricultural system was application of organic matter (compost and vermicompost) and crop residue management. Totally, from the crop ecology point of view, sustainable agricultural method with a sequence of M- W was the most desirable system.

با توجه به افت کمی و کیفی منابع آب زیرزمینی، بهینه سازی مصرف آب در کشاورزی ضروری است. یکی از روش های بهینه سازی مصرف آب در کشاورزی بخصوص در مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک، استفاده از توابع تولید آب-شوری-عملکرد می باشد. لذا این مطالعه به منظور پیش بینی عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاه اسفناج و تعیین تابع تولید بهینه در شرایط تنش شوری و خشکی در منطقه کاشمر اجرا شد. آزمایش به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با چهار تکرار شامل سه فاکتور شوری (آب شرب 75/0=S1، 4=S2، 8=S3دسی زیمنس بر متر) و سه سطح آبیاری (شامل آبیاری کامل (100% نیاز آبی)=I1، I175%= I2و I150%= I3) اجرا گردید. داده های عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد اسفناج (شامل سطح برگ، ارتفاع گیاه، ارتفاع ساقه، طول ریشه، وزن خشک گیاه و وزن خشک ریشه) بر مدل های مختلف توابع تولید شامل خطی ساده، کاب داگلاس، درجه دوم و متعالی برازش داده شد و پس از تعیین ضرایب توابع مختلف، تابع تولید بهینه اسفناج تعیین گردید. برای ارزیابی توابع مختلف از شاخص های آماری میانگین مجذور مربعات خطای نرمال شده، میانگین مطلق خطا، کارایی مدل سازی، شاخص توافق و ضریب تعیین استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که ضریب تعیین (R2) برآورد وزن کل زی توده توسط توابع درجه دوم، متعالی، خطی ساده و کاب داگلاسبه ترتیب 93/0، 89/0، 88/0 و 86/0 بود. همچنین، بیشترین مقدار شاخص های میانگین مجذور مربعات خطای نرمال شده و میانگین مطلق خطا مربوط به توابع خطی ساده و کاب داگلاس می باشد. بنابراین بر اساس نتایج این تحقیق، تابع تولید درجه دوم به عنوان تابع تولید بهینه برای عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاه اسفناج، در منطقه قابل توصیه می باشد.

Recognition and understanding the genetic control of traits, combining ability and genetic structure are directly related to the success of breeding programs. For this purpose, a 7 × 7 one-way diallel design was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The measured traits were included plant height, height to the first capsule, number of days to 50% and 90% of flowering, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of days to physiological ripening, number of branches, leaves number and length, 1000-seeds weight, capsule weight, length and width, chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, biological andeconomic yields, harvest index, oil and protein percentage. Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes and diallel analysis showed that the additive variance of all traits and dominant variance of all traits except height to the first fruit-bearing capsule were significant. The oltan cultivar was the best and Ardestan genotype was the worst genotype in terms of general combining ability. Sabzevar×TS-3 and Sirjan×Fars were the best hybrids in most traits. The general heritability was between 0.90 to 0.96 for biologic yield and number of branches, respectively and narrow heritability was between 0.36 to 0.91 for the number of branches and harvest index, respectively. The analysis of variance by Hayman method confirmed the results of Griffing analysis.